Shade
Shading means, a dark value of a color for example a dark blue. As opposed to a tint, which is a lighter shade of a color, like a light blue. Also, to shade a drawing means to add the lights and darks, usually to add a three-dimensional effect.
Types of Shading
Hatching
Building up of dark value by means of thin parallel lines. Apply one layer of lines parallel to each other using an even pressure all the way across. Go back over them when necessary to darken the tone.
This is the most basic shading technique.
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Cross hatching
Building up multiple layers of hatched lines that cross each other at an angle. To add variety, you can use this common shading technique along with basic hatching to convey the form of your subject.
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Stumping
Using the pointed end of a piece of paper, which has been tightly rolled into a stick lines on your drawing. You can also use your fingertips and to keep your stumps clean and reserve them for areas that require a lot of precision.
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Veiling
Drawing faint lines with a pencil or charcoal tip by dragging it lightly over the paper's grain. If you are after a smooth, seamless feel for your drawings, then practice this technique. Going can darken these over them to add more layers on top. Use an eraser to remove or soften uneven passages. For better results use a sharpened point with your pencil or charcoal.
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Space
Actual space is a three dimensional volume that can be empty or filled with objects. The illusion of depth that appears in drawing and paintings creates a feeling of space.
Types of Space:
Negative Space:
The area around or within an object.
Positive Space:
The object.
Foreground:
The area in the composition lowest on the picture plane. Objects in this area seem closest to the viewer.
Middleground:
The area between the foreground and background. It falls on the middle of the picture plane.
Background:
The area in the composition highest to the picture plane. Objects in this area seem farthest from the viewer.
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ComicsAs you can see here, space is also used in comics. The background in this image are the buildings. The foreground is the building behind the woman; and finally the foreground is the woman. This makes you perceive that she is closer to you.
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